Section of Machines and Engine Components, Civil Drawing, Electrical Drawing

 1. Machines and Engine Components: Orthographic Projections and Isometric Views

Orthographic Projections: This refers to a method of representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions. In engineering drawings, orthographic projection involves creating views (top, front, and side) of machine components, allowing each part of the machine to be clearly detailed from different angles.

Isometric Views: An isometric view is a way of representing a 3D object in two dimensions, where the object is shown at an angle, and the axes are typically spaced at 120° from each other. This is particularly useful for piping and ducting, as it helps visualize how systems like these are arranged spatially without distorting the proportions.

Standard Practices: This refers to adhering to common rules or conventions in drafting (such as line thicknesses, dimensioning, tolerances) so that drawings are easily understood by others in the industry.

2. Civil Drawing: Plans, Elevations, and Perspective Drawings

Plans: A plan is a view from above, showing the layout of spaces within a building (e.g., bungalows, flats, offices, etc.). It typically includes walls, doors, windows, and sometimes furniture.

Elevations: Elevation drawings provide a side view of a structure from the front, left, or right, detailing the height and exterior features (windows, doors, roofline).

Details of Buildings: This involves specific features and components of various building types, like materials, dimensions, and structural elements.

Perspective Drawings: Perspective drawings show how a structure would appear to the human eye, using vanishing points to depict depth and space, making it more visually realistic compared to orthographic projections.

3. Electrical Drawing: 11 KV Electric Substation Building Plan

Substation Building Plan: A drawing that lays out the location and dimensions of an electrical substation, showing the placement of equipment (like transformers, circuit breakers) and structural elements (doors, windows, ventilators).

Equipment Layout: Shows how the electrical components are arranged within the substation, often detailed in top view or sectional drawings.

Trenches and Manholes: These are the pathways for cabling, either underground (trenches) or through access points (manholes) for repairs and inspections.

Cable Laying in Trenches: Provides details about the installation of cables, whether they are laid directly in the ground, through conduits or pipes, and how they cross roads or other obstacles.

4. Cable and Earth Continuity Conductors Plan

Cable Plan: A detailed drawing showing the routes and sizes of cables used in an electrical system. It includes specifications such as material, gauge, and insulation types.

Earth Continuity Conductors: These are conductors that ensure electrical continuity throughout the system, typically used for grounding purposes. The drawing specifies the size and types of conductors used for grounding.

Earthing Electrodes: Details about plate type and rod type electrodes, which are used to dissipate electrical faults into the ground. Drawings show their installation, positioning, and specifications to ensure proper earthing.

5. Schematic Diagrams of Substations and Electrical Systems

Schematic Diagrams: These are simplified representations of the electrical circuits in a substation, showing how components are connected but not their physical placement.

Lighting and Power Distribution Boards: These schematics show how electricity is distributed from the substation to lighting and power systems in buildings.

Electrical Symbols: Standardized symbols are used to represent electrical components (like switches, fuses, transformers) in a schematic.

One-Line Diagrams: These are simplified representations of electrical power systems where each circuit or system is represented by a single line, regardless of how complex it is. They help visualize the flow of power and its distribution from the source to different load centers.